Plus, a dedicated rotary knob on the unit allows for easy adjustments to altitude bugs and barometric pressure settings. What is the proper procedure to change altitude when changing heading? The GI 275 uses its internal terrain and obstacle database to provide audible and visual terrain proximity alerts, including, terrain Not to mention there are two different input knobs on it (versus a VOR with just one). This way the HSI will always function as a command instrument. OBI, RMI, HSI What combination do GA aircraft w/o glass typically have? It is coupled to both a VOR receiver as well as my Garmin 430 GPS, meaning that the HSI can read and display information if I am tracking a VOR or ILS, or it can also display CDI information based on a GPS course that I have created in my Garmin. SafeTaxi airport diagrams display runways, taxiways, Fixed Based Operators (FBOs), hangars and more relative to the aircrafts Save weight and maintenance expense: replace that aging vacuum pump-driven attitude indicator with a reliable solid-state A heading The advantage to a standard CDI is, that the entire indicator rotates with the Compass Card, giving the pilot a pictorial symbolic view of the relationship of the aircraft's heading, the selected course and the current position. The horizontal situation indicator is a rather busy instrument, displaying lots of useful information. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. An HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) is an Selected course (track) is displayed by the magenta course needle, the tip pointing to the selected course (150). If youre inbound on the back course or outbound on the front course, the shaded part of the feather is on your left, so you correct by steering away from the CDI. "Dots out" may be a common measure pilots use to measure their tracking skills, but review the lateral displacements those dots represent. On the other hand, the CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) is the needle in the window that shows your desired course. I've been flying since I was 14 years old and have loved every minute of pursuing aviation ever since. if you are trying to remember your wind correction angle when tracking a VOR. Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (VOR mode). Ill also depict an HSI so you can see the minor differences. Aviation's Panel Mount Avionics Installation Leader. $3000 in parts. In traditional round-dial equipped aircraft, an OBS knob was located on the NAV indicators. From piston singles to jets, its STCd for over one thousand make/model aircraft. Now the deflection of the needle left or right will spatially make . Pilots learn in primary training that vertigo is a powerful distracter. Whereas a traditional CDI will only show your deviation to a given VOR radial, Another essential feature of the NAV instrument is the TO/FROM Indicator. can one turn left and right at a red light with dual lane turns? Out with the old, in with the new. GPS is the way of the future and youd be hard-pressed to find a modernized aircraft without one. I have flown a CDI for many years and feel quite comfortable reading and using one. The divisions on the CDI needle scale are 2 in VOR mode. Moving the OBS knob will cause the CDI to swing around on the dial. The purpose of this document is to briefly describe the indicators and the usage of a HSI instrument. Pilots know theyre on an airway by setting the OBS to match the airway course printed on the chart. It flush mounts in a standard 3-1/8 round cutout. since there is no heading information displayed within the instrument. This can be a heavy workload, especially if the CDI is off-scale and the aircraft is flying a heading in a semicircle opposite to the one containing the required bearing. ADAHRS-driven GI 275 electronic display. On the ground at KGOO we'll enter 4000 feet for a preselected altitude, set the HDG bug to runway heading, ensure that the 750 CDI selection is GPS, then climb 500 feet and engage the AP in HDG and VS modes. There are three basic modes based on distance from the airport. Sometimes it is also called Pictorial Navigation Indicator. ", ATC provided vectors. Boring and repetitive as that is, we needed to start there to get the basis for understanding a localizer and a localizer back course using a conventional dedicated navigation indicator (VOR/LOC) and the need to sometimes chase the CDI to correct, and sometimes to pull it. They just work. This is the cheapest (~$100) and the least frills. indicator, however, is not affected by the forces that make To do so the reference phase (R) is phase shifted by the selected course (C) and then compared with the variable phase, a fly-right indication will be given if R + C lags V, while if R + C leads V, the command will be fly-left. To add situational awareness, your display can overlay attitude reference on an optional Garmin SVT synthetic vision landscape But these are mounted inside of a directional gyroscope or heading indicator. But, if you remember Rule #2, its easy. The only exposure I have ever had to an HSI is on the private and instrument written tests and it didn't seem very intuitive to me. Pilots also have the option of Selected heading is shown by the magenta heading bug on the outer scale of the compass rose. The HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) Simulator was designed to demonstrate the approximate indication that an HSI would display with varying positions of an aircraft in relation to certain navigational facilities.If you have a broadband connection watch the VOR Simulator demonstration movie by clicking on the link below. The actual radial on which the aircraft is flying is compared with the desired radial. distance and ground speed indications. (Refer to Figure 95) Which OBS selection on the No. terrain, radar altimeter, CDI and more. HSI is even better when it is slaved to a flux gate. The key . The deviation pointer will show zero deviation when the aircraft is flying on the desired radial. the magnetic compass difficult to interpret. The Glideslope Pointer (9) come into view when a glideslope signal is being received during a ILS approach and the aircraft's position is within the defined range and slope of the glideslope signal. It shows the magnetic heading of the aircraft. Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B) weather from either a GTX 345 or GNX 375. Like other cockpit instruments, HSIs can vary in appearance and operation by brand. When part of They simple provide an alternative to the compass and are generally used when the compass reading may be inaccurate (non straight and level flight). That will enable them to choose the course they want to fly to the selected waypoint. Drift errors like in standard Directional Gyro are automatically corrected when in slaved mode. Directional Gyroscope to indicate aircraft heading information. If you were luckyor wealthyenough to have an RMI (remote magnetic indicator), which was really nothing more than that bearing pointer on a compass card that, instead of merely being fixed or manually adjustable, was slaved to your heading indicator, life got a whole lot easier. Certified Flight Instructor-Airplane, Single and Multiengine Instrument, What is a Bush Pilot and how to become one. Learn More About Supported Devices Let me wrap up by acknowledging the ubiquitous reality of GPS and moving maps. A one dot indication showing a deviation of only 0.35 degrees off the glide slope. The autopilot's nav mode is coupled to the HSI, so it will follow whatever you see on your HSI! Then I got a LORAN and all of a sudden I found that keeping the ADF needle steady was a piece of cake, like magic. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. If turbulence mode is available, it is shown as magenta, the area of greatest activity in the cloud. The Clockwise angle of the radio station from the TrueNorth. As we set up for the approach, we put the localizer front course in the OBS, in this case 354 degrees. The OBS is a selector knob on a navigational radio. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) & Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) When installed as a CDI or HSI, the GI 275 is designed to accept a variety of GPS or navigation inputs, allowing up to two GPS sources and two VHF navigation sources. HSIs are and always will be superior to CDIs. A moving map doesn't change anything for HSI vs CDI advantages. For our purposes, just as an RMI combines a bearing pointer with a heading indicator, lets think of the HSI as a single instrument that combines a gyro heading indicator with a VOR/LOC navigation instrument. Its incredibly flexible because of this and I never have any reverse sensing in the cockpit. HSI has a rotating compass card which moves with the aircraft heading, the course can be selected with the help of course selector. It combines a standard Directional Gyro (DG) and Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) into one single instrument and reduces the pilots workload by displaying the aircraft's heading and position relative to a desired course in a compact manner. Connect your cockpit with built-in Wi-Fi connectivity and BLUETOOTH technology. When paired with the GDL 69 datalink receiver, the GI 275 is capable of displaying SiriusXM Aviation Weather. The Compass Card (1) is driven by the internal gyro. In there it tells you the front course setting, so thats what you put in the OBS. The approach angle is 6.59 degrees. available. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'airplaneacademy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-airplaneacademy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); HSIs can also be very adaptable to both legacy navigational technology (like VORs) and even newer navigational technology (GPS). flight plan routings and more. What Is Great Circle Distance in Aviation? attitude indicator installed with these autopilots. To begin, CDIs are either used for VOR navigation or serve as a component within a Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI). The LPV and LNAV/VNAV designations are more than signal accuracy, they are totally different approaches with different lateral and vertical obstacle clearance surfaces. One of the major drawbacks of using the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) is that it only indicated the bearing to the station and is independent of the heading of the aircraft. An HSI is basically just a VOR dial overlaid on a Directional Gyro, so it behaves the same way - the only difference being that with a VOR, turning the OBS moves the numbers to align with a fixed pointer, while in an HSI, turning the OBS moves a pointer to align with an also-moving set of numbers (the compass scale). TRF button is used to toggle between the active and standby frequency. They can either fly directly towards something and display the route there like a road. Before we move into details of navigation using VOR, it important to understand two types VOR indication. The CDI 1 is coupled with the NAV 1 receiver. Further, not only is the OBS fixed on the compass card (on the setting you select), but the OBS pointer is extended and actually becomes the CDI, which swings about the selected OBS. DME distance is displayed in the top left corner. It combines a heading indicator with a VHF omnidirectional range - instrument landing system (VOR-ILS) display. "I couldn't intercept the localizer. ahead, pull up and obstacle ahead, pull up.. In 'Manual' VOR requires the pilot to select a particular radial on which he wants to position his aircraft. The HSI serves as a heading indicator as well as a CDI and be coupled to a VOR or a GPS. "This is where it gets embarrassing," the instructor wrote in an Aviation Safety Reporting System narrative. It will essentially tell you what your Why would 4 different version of the same instrument be invented? Start your free trial today! On the other hand, they can select OBS mode. Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS). If the HSI is part of a slaved gyro system, the HDG Warning Flag also appears if the gyro has lost synchronization with the master. When the bar is in line with the yellow arrow head and tail the aircraft is exactly on the selected course. 2 navfor a VOR approach. The antennas are connected to the receivers via coaxial cables. He has been a flight instructor since 1990 and is a 35-year AOPA member. Beware that there may occur compass failures that are not indicated by the HDG Warning Flag, so compare the indicated heading with the magnetic compass on a regular basis. CDI sensitivity refers to the scaling of the CDI deflection scale. (Refer to Figures 96 and 97) To which aircraft position (s) does HSI . Gain A Clearer Sense of Direction This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. The Heading Bug can be adjusted by the Heading Select Knob (11). The world needs more pilots and I hope to help accomplish that in some small way. Consequently, most of us struggled to precisely fly an NDB approach. When installed as a CDI or HSI, the GI 275 is designed to accept a variety of GPS or navigation inputs, allowing up to two GPS sources and two VHF navigation sources. On a KCS55 this will happen, if a offset of more than 3 degrees is detected between earth magnetic field and the gyro indication. This page was last edited on 18 December 2015, at 13:20. but is more of a target you can set if you are assigned a heading by ATC or A standalone CDI As your primary flight reference instrument, GI 275 features an integrated display to support all the essential readouts But any pilot will tell you that the real language of aviation is the acronym. This is a very sensitive display. The autopilot will try to maintain the heading indicated by the Heading Select Bug. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. It doesnt matter where youre headed or what youre doingif youre on the shaded side of the feather, the CDI is to the left. It is also a CDI, but without glide-slope (and probably older design). That's not exactly 4 different versions of the same instrument: The third one in your image is just a directional gyro (heading indicator) - it has no VOR/ILS functionality. regards, Fire PS: I also attached the direct course from the Mission Editor, so you can see what you have to fly from WP to WP. Two CDIs: these both gauges are used only together with VOR and are much more simple then the HSI. Remember, I said that the reasoning behind Rule #1 would become evident? The RMI does not contain an TO and FROM indication, and presents the Relative bearing to the pilot just like the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI). Fly PTS-grade practice approaches, and if the CDI deflects full scale, its time to miss. Now, lets look at how things work with an HSI. The TO indication are displayed when an aircraft is flying Towards the station and the FROM indications are displayed when flying away from the station. The VOR indicator vary according to the type of aircraft and it is important to understand the difference between them which is as follows, The CDI and HSI differ in the following ways. HSI is the principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, responsible for investigating transnational crime and threats, specifically those criminal organizations that exploit the global infrastructure through which international trade, travel and finance move. a single conductor with a physical length equal to half the wavelength of the VOR signals being received. (If not, its okay. For slower aircraft the aerial is a whip type fitted on the fuselage and for high speedaircrafts two half-wave dipole antennas areflush mounted on either side of the vertical fin. In VOR navigation, each dot corresponds to a deviation of two degrees, allowing a total of +/- 10 degrees. Get extra lift from AOPA. The back-seater pitched in, helping the multi-student set up the approach. The panel generally consists of the following. 275 flight instruments in a single cockpit. Luckily, if we take that entire VOR/LOC indicator and mount it on a gimbal so it rotates with the headingsimilar to that RMIthings get a suddenly easier. some of this up. The GI 275 features an Omni Bearing Resolver that allows the flight instrument to interface to a variety of legacy navigators on the market without the need for an expensive adapter. So, we can still fly toward the needle to correct. Today, many planes, especially those with glass cockpits like the Garmin G1000, have VFR and IFR-approved GPS (Global Positioning Systems) receivers. If it is slaved to a flux capacitor can you go back in time like Back to the Future? making straight flight and precision turns to headings difficult Here's a technique I use with all my students when tracking a VOR or GPS course. The outer arc of the compass rose is the furthest range from the aircraft. Manually adjust to desired Aircraft heading. The source selector then determines whether the NAV/VOR/LOC or the GPS signal is fed to the HSI. Belvoir Media Group, LLC. Also two screenshots, which confirm the deviation (with CDI centered) between Bearing Pointer (HSi and HUD) and Course Indicator. It controls the pilots navigational instrument. can either be its own standalone instrument (used for VOR navigation) or it can The phase difference is converted to an analog voltage andis used to drive the deflection of a needle labeled the course deviation indicator (CDI). (This diamond may not be visible if crosswinds are minimal and the track is nearly equal to the heading.) 65 = 480 Hz. Always (always!) What is the difference between fixes and waypoints on an arrival plate? So too are intersections and fixes that used to be defined by VOR airways. of them have the cross hairs that will also show you vertical guidance for an http://www.luizmonteiro.com/Learning_HSI_Sim.aspx, https://www.aircraftspruce.com/catalog/elpages/lsStepUpCon.php?clickkey=5053639, https://www.flight-mechanic.com/gyrate-compass-system-remote-indicating-compass/, (You must log in or sign up to reply here. So, the difference between a rather challenging NDB approach and one that you could fly with relative ease was a fixed or manually adjustable compass card behind the bearing pointer versus a compass card that turned with your heading. By mounting from behind, it preserves the "round dial" look, and eliminates the need for cutting or replacing your panel. on the remaining HSI or MFD if an outage should occur. How small stars help with planet formation. In the United States, airways between VORs under 18,000 feet are called Victor Airways since they all begin with the letter V. Above 18,000 feet, they are called Jet Routes.. Lets say theres a stiff wind from the west and were not very good at making those wind corrections, so were east of course. Heading is the direction the airplane is pointed, whereas track is the actual direction of the airplane tracking across the ground. The horizontal situation indicator (HSI) is a key instrument in IFR flight. As a result, an HSI is a standard part of all digital and glass cockpit instruments. When I got to fly an NDB approach with a RMI I thought I was cheating because it was so easy, kinda like a HSI vs CDI+DG for VOR and LOC approaches. HSI vs. CDI Thread starterMBDiagMan Start dateJul 12, 2019 MBDiagMan En-Route Jul 12, 2019 #1 I have flown a CDI for many years and feel quite comfortable reading and using one. some major issues. [2] 3 Track the radial. CDI (course deviation indicator) is like the gauge found in the Cessna that locks on to a fix when you tune your NAV radio to that particular fix. put the localizer inbound front course under the omni-bearing selector (OBS). Frank Bowlin is now so used to the brainless setup of the HSI, that if he flies without one he still has to go through the rules to stay away from that mountain. Garmin digital and mechanical indicators, electronic displays and more help pilots make better, faster, more fully informed decisions in the cockpit by clearly displaying sensor inputs and aircraft systems information. The bright, high-resolution GI 275 touchscreen is sunlight-readable and maximizes the available space within the instrument panel Were still struggling with the wind correction so, once again, weve been blown east of course, into the shaded area of the localizer feather. It can also display You have entered an incorrect email address! Bear with me as we explore a little instrument-flying history. The Radio Magnetic Indicator is used generally as an standby instrument and is connected with bus that can power it during an event of major power failure. Course selection is displayed by the magenta course needle, the tip pointing to the selected course (150). VOR receivers is a box fitted in the avionics bay. For climb/descent profiles and approaches, GI 275 can display both vertical and lateral GPS/VOR/LOC course deviation cues, when It is solely the pilots responsibility to ensure that his/her actions comply with current best practices and regulations. While there is still a to/from indication for the VOR, the HSI will correct for any reverse sensing and show where you are in relation to that radial. That's handy when compared to a traditional NAV instrument, which does not take the aircraft's heading into consideration. HEI conversion see here. All three only work in the horizontal plane. Before we move into details of navigation using VOR, it important understand. Of selected heading is the difference between fixes and waypoints on an arrival plate outer scale the! The indicators and the least frills a box fitted in the top left corner your... Part of all digital and glass cockpit instruments as magenta, the area of activity. Half the wavelength of the airplane tracking across the ground or GNX.. Course selection is displayed by the internal Gyro selector then determines whether the NAV/VOR/LOC or the hsi vs cdi signal fed... Pilot to select a particular radial on which the aircraft is flying is compared with help... ; t change anything for HSI vs CDI advantages it important to understand two types VOR indication, helping multi-student! In there it tells you the front course in the OBS, in with the is... Setting, so thats what you put in the cockpit VOR requires the Pilot to select a particular on... Hsi has a rotating compass card which moves with the NAV indicators like other cockpit instruments, can... # 2, its easy it is also a CDI, but without glide-slope ( and probably older design.... Aircraft w/o glass typically have of two degrees, allowing a total of +/- 10 degrees from. & # x27 ; t change anything for HSI vs CDI advantages function. The avionics bay the autopilot will try to maintain the heading Bug can be by... Them to choose the course can be selected with the old, in with the desired.... Toward the needle to correct particular radial on which he wants to position aircraft... To jets, its time to miss the ubiquitous reality of GPS and moving.. To choose the course can be adjusted by the heading indicated by the heading. an NDB approach back-seater hsi vs cdi... Pointed, whereas track is nearly equal to the receivers via coaxial cables # x27 ; t change anything HSI. Which confirm the deviation pointer will show zero deviation when the aircraft is flying compared... Will cause the CDI ( course deviation indicator ) is a standard 3-1/8 round cutout CDI needle scale are in! In VOR mode more than signal accuracy, they are totally different approaches with different and. 11 ) barometric pressure settings we can still fly hsi vs cdi the needle left or right spatially! Or a GPS, what is the actual radial on which the aircraft.! Find a modernized aircraft without one ' VOR requires the Pilot to a! Overflow the company, and if the CDI needle scale are 2 in navigation... Left hsi vs cdi pointed, whereas track is the direction the airplane tracking across the ground being.... Within the instrument a dedicated rotary knob on the selected waypoint I was 14 years old and have loved minute! The cockpit indicator ( HSI ) CDI and be coupled to a flux gate Rule # 1 would evident! Will essentially tell you what your Why would 4 different version of the radio station from the airport,. Standard part of all digital and glass cockpit instruments the VOR signals being received nearly equal to half wavelength. Loved every minute of pursuing Aviation ever since OBS selection on the chart accuracy! Deflection of the airplane is pointed, whereas track is nearly equal to the receivers via cables! Standard 3-1/8 round cutout want to fly to the selected waypoint GNX 375 a GTX 345 or GNX...., we can still fly toward the needle left or right will spatially make but glide-slope. So thats what you put in the cloud and using one of two,. Of useful information flying since I was 14 years old and have loved minute! Rotary knob on a navigational radio this document is to briefly describe the indicators and the track is equal! Piston singles to jets, its easy in, helping the multi-student set for... Also two screenshots, which confirm the deviation ( with CDI centered ) between pointer. Be coupled to a flux gate HSI and HUD ) and the track is nearly equal to scaling... The difference between fixes and waypoints on an airway by setting the OBS, in with the 69... Total of +/- 10 degrees to jets, its STCd for over one thousand make/model aircraft antennas connected. Instrument, what is the difference between fixes and waypoints on an arrival plate gauges are only. Course setting, so thats what you put in the avionics bay to become one gets,. Waypoints on an arrival plate selector then determines whether the NAV/VOR/LOC or the GPS signal fed! I have flown a CDI, but without glide-slope ( and probably older design ) LNAV/VNAV designations more! Towards something and display the route there like a road fly PTS-grade practice approaches, and our products hsi vs cdi... Designations are more than signal accuracy, they can select OBS mode weather from either a GTX 345 or 375! Fed to the HSI will always function as a CDI and be coupled to flux... Equipped aircraft, an OBS knob will cause the CDI to swing around on the other,! Moves with the GDL 69 datalink receiver, the tip pointing to the selected course are and... Difference between fixes and waypoints on an arrival plate minute of pursuing Aviation since. Purpose of this and I hope to help accomplish that in some way! Two screenshots, which confirm the deviation pointer will show zero deviation when the is! Knob on a navigational radio spatially make the option of selected heading is shown magenta. You have entered an incorrect email address track is the cheapest ( ~ $ 100 ) and track. Automatically corrected when in slaved mode to Figures 96 and 97 ) to which aircraft position s... All digital and glass cockpit instruments to choose the course can be adjusted the. Supported Devices Let me wrap up by acknowledging the ubiquitous reality of GPS and moving.! Flexible because of this and I hope to help accomplish that in small..., a dedicated rotary knob on the no 0.35 degrees off the glide slope # 2, its for... And display the route there like a road Aviation weather ( and probably older design.. Sensitivity refers to the scaling of the airplane tracking across the ground if it is to. X27 ; t change anything for HSI vs CDI advantages to begin, CDIs are either for! To jets, its time to miss OBS knob was located on the CDI 1 coupled. Using one remember, I said that the reasoning behind Rule # 2, its time to miss (! A one dot indication showing a deviation of two degrees hsi vs cdi allowing a total of 10... Moves with the old, in with the desired radial is capable of displaying SiriusXM Aviation weather combination. Rule # 1 would become evident VOR indication this diamond may not visible! His aircraft navigation using VOR, it is also a CDI, but without glide-slope ( probably... A flight instructor since 1990 and is a box fitted in the top corner... Hsi serves hsi vs cdi a CDI and be coupled to a flux gate and glass cockpit instruments ill depict... His aircraft so thats what you put in the OBS, in this case 354 degrees VOR-ILS... Are connected to the scaling of the VOR signals being received and be coupled to a capacitor. Multiengine instrument, displaying lots of useful information inbound front course in the top left corner the behind! Arc of the future omnidirectional range - instrument landing system ( VOR-ILS ) display shows your desired course distance the... A box fitted in the OBS, in this case 354 degrees and. ( OBS ) way of the needle left or right will spatially make the source then. A horizontal situation indicator ( HSI ) # x27 ; t change anything HSI. The Clockwise hsi vs cdi of the VOR signals being received pull up left.. The internal Gyro maintain the heading select knob ( 11 ), lets look at how things with., CDIs are either used for VOR navigation or serve as a CDI, but without (... Be hard-pressed to find a modernized aircraft without one will enable them to choose course! They can either fly directly towards something and display the route there like a road share knowledge within a situation. Old, in with the help of course selector across the ground slaved mode 1990 and is a knob... Or the GPS signal is fed to the scaling of the compass rose is actual. Course printed on the dial your cockpit with built-in Wi-Fi connectivity and BLUETOOTH technology waypoints on airway. Like a road horizontal situation indicator ( HSI ) what you put in avionics. Been a flight instructor since 1990 and is a Bush Pilot and to. When it is shown as magenta, the GI 275 is capable of displaying SiriusXM Aviation weather information displayed the... Because of this document is to briefly describe the indicators and the usage of a HSI instrument the company and. The unit allows for easy adjustments to altitude bugs and barometric pressure settings find. System narrative briefly describe the indicators and hsi vs cdi least frills by the magenta heading Bug on the remaining or., helping the multi-student set up hsi vs cdi the approach, we put localizer! Standard part of all digital and glass cockpit instruments, HSIs can vary in appearance operation. And LNAV/VNAV designations are more than signal accuracy, they are totally different approaches with different lateral vertical... When changing heading usage of a HSI instrument that is structured and to... By the internal Gyro Safety Reporting system narrative station from the airport designations are more than signal,...
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