https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/205115/kuramochi.pdf?sequence=1. } Assessment of hydrogen direct reduction for fossil-free steelmaking. margin-top: 2em; Integrated BF-BOF operations (figure 3) include pelleting, sintering, coking, and iron making (in BF) plus steelmaking (in BOF). However, in terms of per ton CO2 abatement cost, BF-CCS does not show any cost advantage over OBF-CCS. Summary for Policymakers. Gas-based DRI has an additional CCS-related decarbonization path using blue hydrogen, in which the CO2 capture occurs prior to use in the DRI reactor. .page-node-2034 #main > .wrapper, .page-node-2122 #main > .wrapper { Although many different approaches have been proposed to achieve deep decarbonization for steelmaking, significant amount of fossil fuel remain in use today and for the foreseeable future. Gernaat et al. display: flex; According to Midrex [(Midrex H2, 2020)], DRI systems have the potential to accept mixtures with different CO + H2 concentrations: up to 30% of NG can be substituted by H2 without changing the process and 100% replacement will be possible with minor retrofit (provided an economic supply of hydrogen). Comparison of MEA capture cost for low CO2 emissions sources in Australia. While the ability to change existing plants is limited (e.g., most gas-based DRI plants are in Iran), some systems worldwide may prove amenable to retrofit and modification, and ultimately replacement. However, no single approach today can deliver deep decarbonization to the iron and steel industry and all approaches lead to substantial production cost increase. 522 (gas-based) [(Holling and Gellert, 2018)][ (Dey et al., 2015)], 313 (gas-based DRI) [(Hasanbeigi et al., 2011)], 1857* (Electricity emission: 246 kgCO2/ton-HM, 13.3%), References: [(Orth et al., 2007)] [(Hasanbeigi et al., 2011)] [(EIA, 2019)] [(EPA, 2012)][ (Holling and Gellert, 2018)][(Dey et al., 2015)][ (Barati, 2010)]. } {
{ #block-views-podcast-search2-block .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-teaser_2.group-one-column .group-right { .view-job-postings .view-content .views-row The zero-carbon hydrogen production methods have different costs, which affect DRI plant economics. width: 50%; z-index: 1; Damen, K., Troost, M. van, Faaij, A., & Turkenburg, W. (2007). padding-top: 10px; Novel approaches, such as MOE or biocoke development, require specific dedicated research funds to deliver potential options to market in 10-20 years time. } #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(2n) { Progress and Future of Breakthrough Low-carbon Steelmaking Technology (ULCOS) of EU. This paper examines near-term options to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in steel production and seeks to identify and explain near-term pathways to reduce GHG emissions of hot metal (HM). The current DRI-EAF route using natural gas has only 62% the carbon footprint as a traditional integrated BF-BOF route [(European commission, 2018)]. Using $400/ton-HM as standard average cost for steelmaking, CCS and zero-carbon electricity could control cost increases within $100/ton-HM (<25%), while most deep-decarbonization options yield cost increases >50% (+$200/ton-HM) and in some cases >100% (+$400/ton-HM). Table 9 assumes an ideal biomass scenario for coal substitution, i.e., it does not include carbon footprint estimates from production LCA or land use change. A core challenge in the energy transition and deep decarbonization is the growing demand for primary energy services. background-color: transparent; It can allow non-coking coal and low-cost iron ores (outside BF quality range) to produce iron with 20% less carbon footprint [(Quader et al., 2016)]. Other studies have calculated that if the biomass used were to be carbon neutral, the biomass could reduce net CO2 emissions by up to 58% through the normal BF-BOF route [(Mandova et al., 2018)][ (Mathieson et al., 2011)]. Allanore, A., Yin, L., & Sadoway, D. (2013). [(Suopajrvi, 2015)], Zero-carbon electricity power supply under current production profile, Deep electrification using DRI+EAF for BF-BOF replacement. border-radius: 0; The production data and raw material input data of the plant can be found in the appendix. Preheating and other pretreatment of injected hydrogen might be needed depending on hydrogen quality and quantity [(Vogl et al., 2018)]. margin-left: 0; Unsurprisingly, existing BF have operational requirements and designs that limit higher H2 substitution and full H2 operation [(Lyu et al., 2017)].
} min-height: unset; .view-distinguished-visiting-fellows .view-content The basic model of DRI production plant parameters are shown in table 8. The clean hydrogen future has already begun. In Brazil [(Fujihara et al., 2005)], small blast furnaces have completely substituted bio-charcoal for coke and coal. The lack of technology options to reduce deeply the emission from BF-BOF steelmaking limit even the most aggressive decarbonization technology set, biomass + CCS + zero-carbon electricity (Figure 13).
visibility: visible; Each of the decarbonization technology, separately and in combination, has potential limits (see figure 12 blue bars) based on production chemical or operations. In their system, about 4 MWh are needed to produce 1 ton steel HM. This project provides a clear example of how other gas-based DRI plants might be decarbonized. The basic replacement model reveals that 311.5 kg of charcoal can be used to replace coal consumption at a maximum for an integrated BF-BOF production. This study focuses on the full process decarbonization of steel making, including the three primary/secondary processes discussed above and any necessary pretreatments (such as sintering and coking in BF-BOF production) to produce hot HM[1]. The other mature production options, EAF and DRI based steelmaking, are intrinsically less carbon intensive. The geography of hydropower potential is highly correlated to current and future steel production (i.e., Asia Pacific and other developing economies) but not at sufficient generation levels. } Electricity consumption for steel making is significant: BF-BOF routes consumes 356 kWh/t production and EAF route consumes 918 kWh/t production [(Dey et al., 2015)]. taxes BF-BOF operation relies almost entirely on coal products, emitting ~70% of CO2 in the integrated plant (BF iron making). OBF-connected carbon capture looks promising for several reason. margin-top: 8px; Blue H2 appears to add much less cost per unit HM production than green H2 in most markets and cases. Production of the hydrogen process is depended on the availability of clean electricity or carbon emission prices. HM carbon intensity from DRI-EAF include both DRI carbon emission and EAF carbon emission (electricity only). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2016. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2016, ETC. Using HYBRIT Technology. margin-bottom: 3em; CGEP, SIPA, Columbia University. color: #494949; A new anode material for oxygen evolution in molten oxide electrolysis. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .group-left { visibility: hidden; https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:66fed386-fd0b-485e-aa23-b8a5e7533435/Position_paper_climate_2018.pdf, Worldsteel Association. } A. } The above summaries cover the overwhelming majority of world steel production (>99%). Unlike the power sector, there are relatively few technical options to manage these challenges. if interested. Present needs, recent progress and future trends of energy-efficient Ultra-Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Steelmaking (ULCOS) program. margin-bottom: 3em !important; With this approach, each 1 ton CO2 emission reduction requires 95 kg of H2 so the cost of zero-carbon H2 determines the associated cost increase of low-carbon steel production (HM). padding-left: 0; Journal of Cleaner Production, 154, Pages 488-501. CCUS (2020). Japans Mitsubishi Heavy Industry is building the worlds largest steel plant capable attaining net-zero emission in Austria, adopting DRI with hydrogen injection [(Kawakami, 2020)]. Considering the limits of biomass supply, CCS storage availability, LCA and LUC effect, the practical situation of BF-BOF pathway decarbonization limits require urgent policy attention. As shown in figure 6, all hydrogen injection technologies can provide a practical carbon reduction which is close to its decarbonization potential limits, since both blue and green H2 has very low LCA results. [(Vogl et al., 2018)] shows how renewable power is used to produce hydrogen and the preheat step to reduce DRI-related CO2 emission, theoretically reducing emissions to only 2.8% of BF. HIsarna is a direct bath-smelting reduction technology that combines coal preheating and partial pyrolysis with the smelting reduction vessel working as its core reaction container [(Stel et al., 2013)]. Additional emissions reductions would require either carbon capture and storage (CCS) retrofits (see next section) or revolutionary approaches based on electrical primary production. Separation of CO2 from the exhaust gas mixture can significantly increase the capture rate of the carbon capture facility and reduce cost per ton CO2 avoided. Table 9. CCS retrofit for DRI system is similar to BF retrofit: high CO2 concentration leads to more efficient CO2 capture. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .view-mode-teaser, #block-views-podcast-search2-block .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-teaser_2.group-one-column { } Industry CCS Workshop. This papers blue H2 LCA result does not include upstream methane emission to keep consistency with literatures LCA estimation of blue H2. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(4n+1) { display: flex;
Woody Biomass Factsheet WB4 Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass. (2020).
} background-color: transparent; *On average for 2017, roughly 1.9 ton of CO2 were emitted for every ton of steel produced, accounts for approximately 6.7% of global GHG emission [(Worldsteel Association, 2017)]. Compared to many biomass scenarios, blue H2 is substantially better in both carbon footprint and cost. In practice, land-use changes (LUC) and full life-cycle analysis (LCA) reveal that the carbon footprint can vary dramatically and is rarely carbon negative [(Campbell et al., 2018)]. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(2n) { Ribeiro, J. M. C., Godina, R., Matias, J. C. d. O., & Nunes, N. (2018). For the calculation of CO2 emission intensity, we assume that the CO2 produced from DRI is the same assumption as identified in the gas-DRI model: 522 kg-CO2/ton-DRI (table 2).
A policyto grow recycling could help improve the fraction of secondary steel production share, especially in developing countries; however, it would be unlikely to reduce primary steel production. Where CCS is viable, retrofits could include both blue hydrogen and top-gas capture with some economic benefits in shared infrastructure. Arasto, A., Tsupari, E., Krki, J., Sihvonen, M., & Lilja, J. (2016).
Conference: ICSTI 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327962750_Direct_Reduction_Transition_from_Natural_Gas_to_Hydrogen.
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