is water soluble or insoluble

Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.040, Cui, Y., Hu, Z. J., Yang, J. X., and Gao, H. W. (2012). Sci. Tech. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.014, Hang, C., Li, Q., Gao, S., and Shang, J. K. (2012). Arsenite retention properties of water-soluble metalpolymers. 28, 173208. In this context our objective was to obtain water-soluble polymers, such as non-cationic system, that is manifested thorough a complex reaction of metallic active site with toxic species to recuperate. When tin content was 3 wt%, the retention degree was negligible. (2016). 47, 62586268. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.095, Rhim, J.-W., Park, H.-M., and Ha, C.-S. (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.012, Trivedi, P., Axe, L., and Dyer, J. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.036, Wang, X., Fan, Q., Yu, S., Chen, Z., Ai, Y., Sun, Y., et al. Chain characteristics of poly (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) polymers. The results for the removal of As(V) by P(ClVBTA) and P(ClAETA) by the washing method presented in Table 2. Although, some composite adsorbents compounds have reached their marketing successfully (Lewatit, Ferrix), in general, the complexities of these composite systems increase the costs by making them less attractive to its arrival on the market. Soil Sci. This is due to the complexation between monomer units, and therefore the retention of arsenate is null. Chem. Poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate sodium): synthesis, characterization, and its potential application for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution. III. 281, 826836.

Chem. Colloid Interface Sci. Eng. Novel phenyl-iminodiacetic acid grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for solid phase extraction of iron, copper and lead ions from aqueous medium. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.031, Pavlidou, S., and Papaspyrides, C. D. (2008). Similarly, the obtaining of a hybrid composite, where the polymer chains and the oxide network oxide are mixed at the molecular level, are novel materials to be used in adsorption processes. doi: 10.4067/s0717-97072017000303647, Snchez, J., Butter, B., Rivas, B. L., Basez, L., and Santander, P. (2015). Int. Lately the development of new water-soluble polymers and its use in combination with ultrafiltration by membranes is considered between the most promissory techniques for enrichment and separation of ions from aqueous solution. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.122, Rajput, S., Singh, L. P., Pittman, C. U. Jr., and Mohan, D. (2017). Moreover, the polymer matrix allows overcoming operational obstacles that nanoparticles exhibit as adsorbent materials. P(AA) is a polymer with proton-donating properties, however in this case its complexation with cationic polyelectrolyes depends of the composition of each unit in the copolymer and also on the pH of the aqueous solution. Polym. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b09832, Li, J., Xiao, H., Kim, Y. S., and Lowe, T. L. (2005). doi: 10.1021/cm9601143, Xu, Y., Axe, L., Yee, N., and Dyer, J. *Correspondence: Bernab L. Rivas, brivas@udec.cl, Nanoparticles, Polymer Nanocomposites, and Hybrids for Metal Ion Sorption, Water-Soluble Functional Polymers and Membranes: LPR Technique, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Organic/Inorganic hybrid network materials by the SolGel approach. Retention profile of As(V) by poly[(3-methacryloylamine)propyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid] [P(ClMPTA-co-AA)] at different monomer molar ratios of (a) 1:1, (B) 1:2, (C) 2:1, and (D) 4:1. Highly selective adsorption of lead ions by water-dispersible magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide composites. 102, 26772684. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.051, Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L., and Zhang, Q. 268, 362370. doi: 10.1080/01496390902729148, Bandaru, N. M., Reta, N., Dalal, H., Ellis, A. V., Shapter, J., and Voelcker, N. H. (2013). Cationic polymer-TiO2 nanocomposite sorbent for arsenate removal. J. Appl. Enhanced swelling and adsorption properties of AAm-AMPSNa/clay hydrogel nanocomposites for heavy metal ion removal. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.011. Chem. Precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater using simulated flue gas: sequent additions of fly ash, lime and carbon dioxide. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.02.023, Zhou, L., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., and Huang, Q. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 51, 353361. Dong et al. Removal of heavy metal ions by dithiocarbamate-anchored polymer/organosmectite composites. (2007).

Electrochemical oxidation and removal of arsenic using water-soluble polymers. Chem. Adsorption behavior of EDTA-graphene oxide for Pb (II) removal. Adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions by modified magnetic chitosan chelating resin. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2017.20551, Chen, Q., Luo, Z., Hills, C., Xue, G., and Tyrer, M. (2009). At a pH of 6, P(AA) is dissociating and forming carboxylate anion and therefore able to produce the complexation. Three different polymers (PSS, PAA, and PEI) were studied to explore their effects on the copper removal in LPR and on the copper recovery by chemical reduction under various pH conditions (Chou et al., 2018). Adsorption of metal ions onto goethite: single-adsorbate and competitive systems. Sci. Firstly, we envision that the future research trends in the field of composite adsorbent compounds should focus on the obtaining of materials with a high specific surface to give a high contact area between the adsorbent and the contaminant.

(2012). Sci.

Use of poly (methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) Membranes in the ultrafiltration of aqueous Fe3+ solutions by complexing with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) and dextran. doi: 10.1021/es4013382. 71, 191200. The enrichment method in LPR was used to determine the maximum retention capacity of the polymer, and the release of Cr(VI) and regeneration of the polymer were analyzed by sorption-desorption process.

Ion-exchange resins: a retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry research. 198, 113120. A., Goyer, C., Coche-Guerente, L., Dumy, P., et al. At a pH of 8, the retention of arsenate ions increases for both copolymers without an equimolar ratio. Sci. Polym. J. Appl. (2011). Eng. Interfaces 8, 30123020. Mater. The ultrafiltration membrane is the most suitable filter for LPR studies, and a huge amount of data has being reported (Snchez and Rivas, 2011). In this experiment a constant amount of polymer (7 105 mol) was used at a pH of 8 or 6 (Snchez and Rivas, 2011). Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 35, 357401. In this study the retention of arsenic depended mainly of factors such as the pH, polymer concentration and copolymer composition (Rivas et al., 2006). The nature of the polymermetal ion interaction can be classified into two groups. The formation of a coordinate bond or ionic bond can be a result of interactions between the functional polymer and metal ions in solution. (2013). The performance of the polycationic and polyanionic chains in the copolymer was studied toward arsenic retention in function of pH (see Figure 3). (A) Retention values for As(III) at different polymer: As(III) mol ratio and tin content for Z = 10 and pH 8. BU update the literature and wrote about nanocomposites. Cancer Ther. Study on superabsorbent composite XVI. Res. Aspects 191, 107121. When the copolymer prepared at molar ratio of 1:1 was used in LPR, the copolymer loses its ability to bind the As(V) independent of the pH. A Polym. doi: 10.1021/es051916e, Yuan, Y., Zhang, G., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Zhang, F., and Fan, X. Comparatively PVP and PAMPS exhibited a different behavior toward the metal ions. Macromol. Sci. (2000). (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.078, Keywords: polymers, nanocomposites, membranes, pollutants, water, Citation: Rivas BL, Urbano BF and Snchez J (2018) Water-Soluble and Insoluble Polymers, Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites and Hybrids With Ability to Remove Hazardous Inorganic Pollutants in Water. Stuetz, R. M., and Stephenson, T. (2009). 31, 298305. Chelating water-soluble polymers associated with ultrafiltration membranes for metal ion removal. The hydrogen and covalent bonds between cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes hinders the retention of arsenic anions. 89, 249258. 80, 436441. Prog. Polymers such as poly[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride [P(ClAETA)] and poly(ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride[P(ClVBTA)] were prepared and used in LPR technique to remove arsenic. Sorption properties of chelating polymerclay nano-composite resin based on iminodiacetic acid and montmorillonite: water absorbency, metal ion uptake, selectivity, and kinetics. The concentrations, forms, and relative ratios of both As(V) and As(III) in water vary significantly depending mainly on changes in the pH and oxidation potential. Eng. A water-soluble polymer containing quaternary ammonium groups was used as an extracting reagent in the LPR process. Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) have similar ionic radii and unfilled d-orbitals, which are necessary for bond formation with the amine of the polymers. Colloid Surf. Eur. Sci. Mater. Polym. However, the poly(AA)-Sn presented sorption properties to As(III), confirming that the interaction and removal capacity depended on tin salt concentration, pH of solution, and the polymer-As(III) mole ratio (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). Selectivity studies were carried out to pH 4, 6, and 8 using polymer:As (20:1), (100:1), (200:1), (400:1) and (600:1) molar ratio. Hazard. Environ. Water Resour.

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.075, Say, R., Birlik, E., Denizli, A., and Ersz, A. 8H2O) into the polymer, followed by the treatment with alkaline solution to produce the zirconium hydroxide and then heating to form the hydrated zirconium oxide. 4, 21642167. IUPAC (1997). Impregnating titanium phosphate nanoparticles onto a porous cation exchanger for enhanced lead removal from waters. doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2013.03.011, Alexandratos, S. D. (2009). J.

Studies about the use of water-soluble copolymers that contain anionic and cationic sites were performed for the retention of As(V) from water.

Adapted from Rivas et al. doi: 10.1039/c3py21128b, Yuksel, S., Rivas, B. L., Snchez, J., Mansilla, H. D., Yaez, J., Kochifas, P., et al.

Fisher, L. W., Sochor, A. R., and Tan, J. S. (1977). doi: 10.1111/ejss.12091, Campos, C. H., Torres, C. C., Urbano, B. F., and Rivas, B. L. (2015). A partial oxidation of As(III) to As(V) is probably due to the higher tin content in the polymer. The hybrid was comprised of chiton-silica moieties and further functionalized with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) (Roosen et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.023, Kotal, M., and Bhowmick, A. K. (2015). However, considering the arsenic speciation, majority remains as As(III) with traces of As(V), less than 10 wt-% in the filtrate solution (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). Sci. J. The scientific community is interested to find new methods to produce water of quality, using technologies of low cost, easy use, and higher efficiency compared to conventional treatment such as coagulation and flocculation, chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, and ion-exchange (Asman, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Doula, 2009; Nanseu-Njiki et al., 2009; Duan et al., 2010; Jiang et al., 2010). (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.007, Chou, Y.-H., Choo, K.-H., Chen, S.-S., Yu, J.-H., Peng, C.-Y., and Li, C.-W. (2018). (2011). (ed.). In addition, different polymer:As(V) molar ratios (31:1, 20:1, 10:1, 6:1, and 3:1) have been studied. 9, 173181. Prog.

Bidentate complexation modeling of heavy metal adsorption and competition on goethite. Simultaneous radical polymerization/sol-gel process for obtaining a hybrid based on the copolymer poly[acrylic acid-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate]aluminum oxide was obtained for Ni(II),Cu(II), Cd(II), andPb(II) sorption. Polymerzirconium oxide nanoparticles have been successfully applied in the sorption of As(V), As(III), Cr(VI), and fluoride (Kosmulski, 2002; Mandal et al., 2013; Pan et al., 2013, 2014; Padungthon et al., 2014; Hua et al., 2017). 353, 115. The preparation of well-defined water soluble-swellable (Co)polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization, in Associative Polymers in Aqueous Media, ed J. Edward Glass (Washington, WA: American Chemical Society), 5271. doi: 10.1002/app.24093, Rivas, B. L., Hube, S., Snchez, J., and Pereira, E. (2012). Hazard. 450, 1725. Principles of Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes. Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. 64, 805813. Polym. Res. BR organized the whole manuscript. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00238-5, Dong, Q., Liu, J., Song, L., and Shao, G. (2011). B 114, 67796785. Desalination 252, 3339. Acid and organic resistant nano-hydrated zirconium oxide (HZO)/polystyrene hybrid adsorbent for arsenic removal from water. Prog. J. Jeon, B. H., Dempsey, B. Effect of the coupling agent on the properties of poly(acrylic acid)Al2O3 interpenetrating hybrids and sorption of metal ions. Sci. Chem. Fierro, J. L. G. (2005). (2006). Polym. 19, 213220. Engineering metal (hydr)oxide sorbents for removal of arsenate and similar weak-acid oxyanion contaminants: a critical review with emphasis on factors governing sorption processes. Figure 3. 47, 65366544. Preparation of poly(vinylalcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole)/-Fe2O3 semi-IPN nanocomposite and their application for removal of heavy metal ions from water. The results showed a high retention for various metal ions (Rivas et al., 2001). The filtration factor is defined as the ratio of the filtrate volume (Vf) to the cell volume (Vo) (Snchez and Rivas, 2011). Sci. The experimental results indicated the retention of Ni(II) was achieved selectively compared to null retention of Cu(II) and Cd(II) at both pH values using PVP at pH 3.2 and 5.7. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.021, Sarkar, S., Chatterjee, P. K., Cumbal, L. H., and Sengupta, A. K. (2011). 99, 255264. Another similar hybrid was prepared using aluminum oxyhydroxide as the inorganic moiety (Prez et al., 2016). Chemosphere 56, 91106. Furthermore, titanium oxide (Borai et al., 2015; Urbano et al., 2015; Mahmoud et al., 2017) and aluminum oxide (Onnby et al., 2012; Praipipat et al., 2017) nanocomposites have been obtained to be used as adsorbents. This is probably due to the interaction of the carboxylate groups of the P(AA) with the quaternary ammonium groups of P(ClMPTA) (Rivas et al., 2006). J. Appl. doi: 10.1002/app.1819, Roosen, J., Spooren, J., and Binnemans, K. (2014). swellin behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite. In general, P(AA) increased its dissociation in the presence of P(ClMPTA). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.051, Prez, J., Toledo, L., Campos, C. H., Yanez, J., Rivas, B. L., and Urbano, B. F. (2016). Lead (Pb2+) and copper (Cu2+) remediation from water using superparamagnetic maghemite (-Fe2O3) nanoparticles synthesized by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP). Organicinorganic hybrid of chitosan/organoclay bionanocomposites for hexavalent chromium uptake. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.024, Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, J., and Wu, L. (2013b). doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00768-3, Urbano, B. F., and Rivas, B. L. (2014). 27, 15571568. JS update the literature and wrote about water soluble polymers and membranes to remove toxic ions. 331, 453457.

Chem. J. Water soluble and insoluble polymers are versatile materials for water decontamination. Figure 4. Secondly, and from a commercial perspective, research on composite adsorbents should be addressed toward their production on a larger scale, competitive in sorption capacity and operating costs. Efficient removal of Cr(VI) by polyelectrolyte-assisted ultrafiltration and subsequent electrochemical reduction to Cr(III). Eng. J. doi: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.10.009, Vukovi, G. D., Marinkovi, A. D., kapin, S. D., Risti, M. T., Aleksi, R., Peri-Gruji, A. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.068, Urbano, B., and Rivas, B. L. (2012). A. J. Magnetite-hematite nanoparticles prepared by green methods for heavy metal ions removal from water. (2003). (2013). Biotech. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.012, Nanseu-Njiki, C. P., Tchamango, S. R., Ngom, P. C., Darchen, A., and Ngameni, E. (2009). Ahmadi, A., Heidarzadeh, S., Mokhtari, A. R., Darezereshki, E., and Harouni, H. A. Singha Deb, A. K., Dwivedi, V., Dasgupta, K., Musharaf Ali, S., and Shenoy, K. T. (2017). J. 8, 16671681. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.042, nnby, L., Pakade, V., Mattiasson, B., and Kirsebom, H. (2012). Synthesis, characterization and application of titanium oxide nanocomposites for removal of radioactive cesium, cobalt and europium ions. Chem. At pH 4.8, PAA chains can be contracted and metal ions can be complexed with 2-4 carboxylic acid groups (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). Tan, P., Sun, J., Hu, Y., Fang, Z., Bi, Q., Chen, Y., et al. Understanding arsenate reaction kinetics with ferric hydroxides. Eng. The results showed that by using P(GMA-NMG) as supporting electrolyte during the complete EO of As(III) to As(V) followed by LPR separation, almost 80% of As(V) was removed at pH 10 (Arar et al., 2014). Total Environ. One alternative for improving these results is the use of copolymer based on AMPS with a nonionic monomer with a higher tendency to coordinate one of several metal ions in solution (Valle et al., 2015). 72, 642649. 261, 534541. JS thanks to DICYT from USACH (Grant No 021741SP). doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.001, Rivas, B. L., Pooley, S. A., Luna, M., and Geckeler, K. E. (2001). (2007). 313, 899911. Oncol. Modeling the sorption kinetics of divalent metal ions to hematite. Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for structural and functional applications. Arsenic removal from water by coupling photocatalysis and complexation-ultrafiltration processes: a preliminary study. Polym. Sn(II) could coordinate as 2-4 carboxylate groups in structure conventionally bidentate but they are not symmetric. Water Res. The copolymer compared to homopolymers showed different retention behavior toward metal ions. Arsenic removal using polymer-supported hydrated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: role of donnan membrane effect. J. Chem. In addition, the folding of the linear polymers with AMPS groups in its structure avoids the electrostatic repulsion between the sulfonate groups contributing to the accessibility of the metal ions (Fisher et al., 1977). Using poly(AA)-Sn (10 wt-% theoretical tin content), 90% of As(III) retention is obtained at Sn-As(III) 20:1 and a poly(AA)-Sn:As(III) 400:1 mole ratio (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). Enhanced removal of fluoride by polystyrene anion exchanger supported hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles. Technol. Considering two different orders of magnitude (2 104 and 7 105 mol of polymer) in separate experiments, a typical 20:1 polymer:As molar ratio of was more efficient.

36, 294322. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.062, Brmmer, G. W., Barrow, N. J., and Fischer, L. (2013). Kickelbick, G. 45, 91449149. Mater. doi: 10.1002/app.26737, Rivas, B. L., Aguirre, M. D. C., and Pereira, E. (2006). Polym. Mater. The capacity of the polymer to bind arsenite is due to the metal-polymer complexes. Based on the literature, a pendant-type polycation can form an equimolar complex with the polyanion. Acta 176, 359366. Sincero, A. P., and Sincero, G. A. Polym. Eng. Technol. Despite these good results, the selectivity of the technique can be improved.

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is water soluble or insoluble