People need to know the differences between soda water and tonic water. For anyone with chronic inflammation or a chronic illness like Crohns or IBS, food can play a big role in supporting your body and promoting gut, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners. Its best to consult with your doctor before using tonic water to ease your upset stomach. But its also important to consider the potential negatives, such as the high sugar content and the possibility of an allergic reaction to the quinine. The sugar in tonic water makes it higher in calories, and its effectiveness against stomach upset is not proven. Other studies proven that the combination of cold weather and carbonation can strengthen this beneficial effect. But be sure to check with your doctor first before making any changes to your diet or lifestyle. Tonic water also used to be mixed with cocktail. In fact, they're often loaded with vital nutrients and can be a. Ghee stimulates agni and improves digestion. We avoid using tertiary references. So, Is Tonic Water Good For You? However, side effects of quinine can include . Long-term consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of mortality in US adults. So if theres a source of ultraviolet light handy, put a bottle of tonic water underneath and watch it glow a vivid blue! It should not be used as a substitute for other remedies, and it is not designed to cure an upset stomach. Meyer CG, et al. If stress is the cause of your upset stomach, then finding ways to reduce your stress, such as yoga, meditation, and exercise, can help. (2004). Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Managing the symptoms of acid reflux mainly involves learning and avoiding the triggers. It sticks to the basics, so. Is It Safe To Drink Juice After The Expiration Date? Apple cider vinegar is a natural go-to remedy for heartburn and acid reflux, and the addition of mint tea can provide soothing stomach relief. Diet-beverage drinkers actually ate fewer desserts than the water drinkers, so theres that. Proper chewing is essential to good digestion, too, says Dr. K.C. Blend 3-4 garlic cloves, 10-12 basil leaves, and 1/4 cup wheatgrass juice. 11 Benefits of Scorpion Venom You Must Know, 9 Health Benefits of Rose Ugli Fruit You Didnt Know Before, The 10 Benefits of Salted Fish for Health, 10 Health Benefits of Vitamin K1 in the Body, 9 Health Benefits of Vitamin E for the Body. FoodData Central. This works in two different ways to reduce the effects of indigestion. Tonic water is not the best choice for treating an upset stomach, but if it does provide relief, its worth considering. It has similar benefits to soda water, however, and is also slightly acidic. Associations between brain structure and perceived intensity of sweet and bitter tastes. If you decide to give it a go, its best to start with a small amount and see how you feel. Consult a healthcare provider if youre considering castor oil for a child under 12 or taking for prolonged use if youre over 60. The Mild Medicinal Qualities of Tonic Water. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Does diet-beverage intake affect dietary consumption patterns? It also contains carbonated water and several other ingredients that have been used over the centuries to reduce abdominal pain and the discomfort of an upset stomach. Good hydration is essential for brain and body health. Suppose you want to use tonic water in a cocktail like a gin or a vodka tonic. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: Review of current evidence. However, low acid fruit and vegetables often contain natural compounds that may reduce acid reflux. Tonic water has some mild medicinal qualities, such as containing quinine which can help reduce fever and some muscle cramping. Tonic water is a delicious, popular carbonated drink to use in alcoholic beverages or enjoyed on its own. Tonic water is often thought of as a refreshing beverage, but did you know that it can also be good for your stomach? If this occurs, stop immediately and seek health information from a professional. If drinking soda water or seltzer water helps you to increase your daily fluid level, then these are good options for you. See which probiotics work best for enhancing cognitive function. Here's How to Make It Last Longer. Have cooked vegetables that are steamed or stir fried, and only add spices that aid in digestion like ginger, cinnamon, black pepper. "I don't recommend choosing beverages with added sugar to meet your daily hydration quota," she says. A study that takes 21 subjects with chronic digestive system informed that after 15 days, the people who got to consume carbonated water or sparkling water cab increase the sign and symptoms of digestive system problems like stomachache. This can help to neutralize stomach acid. The likelihood of a person experiencing any side effects from drinking tonic water is slim. Here's a, Which fruit should you eat for breakfast? Teas containing peppermint, chamomile, or ginger may help settle an upset stomach. Here, registered dietitian Chelsey Amer, RD, explains exactly what tonic water is, the tonic water benefits, and what to know about the drink. If this occurs, stop . Take small sips of warm water during a meal to aid digestion and absorption of food. But take a gander at the nutrition labels on bottles of tonic water and Coke, and people will notice the ingredient inside those water and the reasons why this tonic water commonly given for soldiers in order to gain the health benefits. The manufacturer adds sodium bicarbonate to the water to make it faintly alkaline and adds carbon dioxide gas under pressure to create the carbonated "fizz," or bubbles. (2019). Are There Natural Drinks That Help Flush The Kidneys? So if gin and tonics are your drink of choice, go for it. Club soda, is carbonated water that has alkaline substances added to neutralize its acidity and to mimic the flavors of natural mineral water. Studies suggest that its a natural remedy for settling an upset stomach and may even prevent nausea. Club soda is manufactured from the regular tap water available at the bottler's location. Certain medications, such as antibiotics or antacids, can also contribute to stomach upset. Basically anything taken with warm water can help bloating, according to Dr. Lineesha. And they do little in the way of weight loss. (2016). Tonic water is not a guaranteed remedy for an upset stomach. "A safe drink to reduce stomach acid symptoms is one you can make at home," Rubman says. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research. It can also help to balance the stomachs acid-alkaline level, allowing for better absorption of nutrients. Tonic water contains quinine, which has been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation. This can worsen acid reflux symptoms. (good) cholesterol . Tonic water is not a guaranteed remedy for an upset stomach. With the right mixture and timing, tonic water might be just the thing to soothe your upset stomach. Apples, lemons, strawberries, watermelon, avocado these powerhouses contain antioxidants and tons of, Grain bowls are the perfect vehicle to get in all your greens, grains, protein, and flavor. Sparkling water can make the food going to be trapped in the first line of stomach in a long time so the people who consume it will feel the satisfaction and avoid the feeling to consume any food. Eat bland foods such as bananas, rice, applesauce, and white . If you dont want to prepare a hot drink, chewing on fennel seed after eating can aid the digestion process and reduce gas and bloating. Copyright 2023 - JuicerAdvices. Were all for a classy gin and tonic now and again. Beverages, carbonated, tonic water. First, the carbon dioxide gas encourages burping, which can help relieve pressure or a painfully full sensation in the stomach. DOI: Hwang L-D, et al. It contains quinine, which is an ingredient known to help relieve stomach ailments. Alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and sodas may worsen symptoms, however. Avoid smothering agni with cold, wet, spicy, oily, and fried food. So, while that first gin and tonic isnt something to worry about, the added sugar becomes a concern when youre on your third or fourth. Some researchers believe that artificial sweeteners prep your body for a sugar fix and then dont deliver. You're also likely not getting any meaningful health benefits from quinine, because it's present in such small amounts in modern-day tonic water, says Amer. Tonic water originated in 19th century India, a time when that country was governed by the British. Its important to pay attention to your dietary choices, to manage stress levels, and to be aware of any medications that may be causing your upset stomach. ringing in the ears and hearing loss. Studies have shown that it has an anti-inflammatory effect on the digestive system, which could help reduce stomach discomfort. (2019). Sparkling water is simply carbonated water. The carbonation and quinine content of tonic water has been known to stimulate digestion, reduce acid reflux, and alleviate symptoms associated with an upset stomach. Most commercially-produced tonic water is made with sugar to counteract the bitterness of the quinine. While quite a few soft drinks, including Coke and 7-Up, have been thought to have medicinal properties, tonic water gets its flavor from quinine, an actual drug that Live Science says is still used to treat malaria. stomach cramps. If you do decide to give tonic water a try, make sure to drink it in moderation. And if youre using the seltzer as a cocktail mixer, toss in a few bitters to mimic the taste of quinine. No, tonic is not hard on the stomach. Certain beverages pose a particularly high risk of triggering acid reflux. Alcohol damages mucus in the lining of the gastric system and impairs esophagus contractions. Read More. Acid reflux is usually a mild but uncomfortable symptom of GERD. It also contains carbonated water and several other ingredients that have been used over the centuries to reduce abdominal pain and the discomfort of an upset stomach. Generally west people consume Coke and tonic water differentlyusing just a few ounces of the latter to complement cocktails. It used to be consumed by people to cure certain diseases such as malaria. Yeragi VS, et al. Tonic water was originally created as a medicinal drink, and it still is used for that purpose today. Thick Water- Why Would You Want Water to be Thick? Quinine is a traditional treatment for malaria. As is now common knowledge, excess sugar can, of course, wreak havoc with blood sugar levels and cause spikes that can contribute to low mood and weight gain. A tablespoon of castor oil a known stimulant laxative taken at bedtime may also provide relief. The conclusion is carbonated water can give health benefits toward humans digestive system, increase the full feeling in stomach, and decrease the problems of stomachache. Pop some saunf (fennel seeds), tulsi leaves (holy basil), or a spice like clove in your mouth and chew slowly, suggests Amrita Rana, a food blogger who conducts workshops on Ayurvedic food. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Drinking these can wreak havoc on blood sugar and be troublesome for those watching their weight, or else cause ingestion of substances and chemicals. Tonic water might be able to help when dealing with an upset stomach. If you are feeling tired, restless and out of place, tonic water can be your rescue. The reasoning behind this is that the quinine in tonic water has anti-inflammatory properties.Additionally, the carbonation in the beverage can help to expel gas from the digestive system. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. Learn more about the benefits of almond milk here. Actually, others like wine, beer, soda, and mineral water can contributed to create disease in stomach. Fever and in some cases fatigue. Simply put, tonic water is traditionally carbonated water mixed withquinine, a compound taken from the cinchona tree bark native to South America. Although not harmful in itself, drinking too much can cause harmful effects similar to drinking too much of other processed and sugary beverages. This water being called as tonic water because it contains a substance called Quinine that useful as preventive substance to against malaria. Ayurveda says your kitchen has the answer. DOI: Malik VS, et al. However, tonic water does contain quinine, which has been shown to be effective in treating diarrhea caused by certain parasites. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Learn more about the health benefits of ginger here, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6664109/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753184/, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-019-05129-w, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6341159/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5704630/, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8747955/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721491/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6702398/, https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/54/1/62/5090261, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26742306/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6559035/. While the amount of quinine contained in malaria is too low to have much impact on your health unless you're guzzling gallons of the stuff, it comes with the same downside as any other type of soda. A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrupsweetened beverages on lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Tonic water contains a very high number of Quinine so the taste is so bitter. While the amount of quinine contained in malaria is too low to have much impact on your health unless you're guzzling gallons of the stuff, it comes with the same downside as any other type of soda. Soda water and tonic water is likely but so many differences in so many ways. (2019). Watching what you drink matters as much as what you eat! With the rise of sparkling waters and seltzer, more people are starting to wonder about tonic as a bev outside of happy hour, too. Editorial: Gin tonic revisited. Drink club soda and seltzer water for an upset stomach. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/, fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173206/nutrients, fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171869/nutrients, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/, This Is What Your Body Craves After Drinking Diet Coke, Drink This! Hi, I'm Emily Jones! (2013). So, while the first gin and tonic isnt something to worry about, the added sugar becomes a concern when youre on your third or fourth. Most commercially-produced tonic water is made with sugar to counteract the bitterness of the quinine. However, there is no evidence that quinine has any health benefits. Check out our list of options, including alcoholic drinks, protein drinks, energy drinks, and, Potassium is an essential nutrient that serves your body in lots of vital ways. are taking medication (Check with your doctor first before consuming quinine). A 2019 study showed that the more sugar-sweetened drinks we consume, the greater our risk of early death from cardiovascular . Quinine is also known to be helpful in reducing muscle cramps. Your official excuse to add "OOD" (ahem, out of doors) to your cal. (2010). Carbonated water that regularly consumed by some people can influence the health of teeth, so its not really recommended to consume a very high number of cans carbonated water as it can make teeth eruption because it will lowering mouths pH and day by day can destroy enamel of teeth and gum. Bloating. Whats more, it is typically recommended to avoid quinine for leg cramps entirely, as taking this compound for leg cramps is nowheavily discouragedin the medical community. People generally use this drink to mix into a gin and tonic, making a delicious and popular cocktail but its also often enjoyed on its own. If you do have a reaction, it may include: nausea. BBC Future: Is Sparkling Water Really Bad for You. Tonic water which goes with gin like peanut butter goes with jelly has quite the interesting backstory. If the carbonation is naturally occurring, it's sparkling water. Read on for storage tips and signs of spoilage. Apple Cider Vinegar + Mint Tonic. Learn how we can help. Are you struggling with gastritis? This combination can help reduce stomach cramps and bloating. Add a squeeze of lemon to enhance the flavor. Drink ghee, salt, and hot water. Symptoms can include bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon dioxide is also added. Drinking tonic water can make acid reflux worse. You should avoid sipping this beverage if: If looking for an alternative to tonic water, soda water will give the same carbonated sensation and clear color without the bitter flavor of quinine. Surprisingly some studies showing that sparkling eyes can increase the capability to swallow the foods in adults. You'd think that being made with medicine would make tonic water super-healthy, wouldn't you? Tonic water contains several more ingredients than soda water, including sweeteners and flavorings. If you're looking for that fizzy taste, but don't want the added sodium in club soda, seltzer water is a good alternative. Like sugar, consuming high-fructose corn syrup regularly is linked to obesity and metabolism issues. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Never heard of quinine? Take equal quantities of onion juice and honey or a glass of buttermilk mixed with a 1/4 teaspoon of garlic paste for relief. Here's a, There's no evidence that shows nightshade vegetables are bad for your health. It has been used to treat malaria and many other conditions, and that is the. Basically, don't use it as a water alternative. However, it is important to remember that it often comes loaded with sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Juices are useful too, says Dr. Lineesha. But if you take a gander at the nutrition labels on a bottle of tonic water and a bottle of Coke, youll notice the two have an almost identical number of calories. What is silent reflux and what can I do about it? Boil with a little aniseed. Joe is a freelance content writer based in London, that is passionate about all things nutrition. It also contains bicarbonate, which can help to reduce acid reflux, and can help to calm the digestive system. See a certified medical professional for diagnosis. Upset stomachs can be a real bummer, but it may be possible to get some relief with tonic water. (2019). Acid reflux (GER & GERD) in adults. Although quinine in tonic water is minimal, too much quinine consumption can cause diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, ringing in the ears, or vomiting, among other symptoms. Thats the reason why tonic water given sugar in order to be more acceptable in common people who loves to drink it to gain health benefits. Again, one serving of tonic water exceeds the amount of added sugar recommended for the whole day. If drinking soda water or seltzer water helps you to increase your daily fluid level, then these are good options for you. Well+Good decodes and demystifies what it means to live a well life, inside and out. feeling as if there is a lump in the throat, elevating the head of the bed while sleeping, antacids that neutralize stomach acid, such as Gaviscon or Tums, H2 receptor blockers can decrease acid production in the stomach for up to 12 hours, proton pump inhibitors that block acid production for long enough to enable the food pipe to heal. Quite the interesting backstory a natural remedy for an upset stomach such containing... Want water to ease tonic water good for stomach upset stomach effect on the digestive system, which is an ingredient known be. Want water to be helpful in reducing muscle cramps remedies, and that is about. Carbon dioxide gas encourages burping, which could help reduce fever and muscle! Cocktail like a gin or a painfully full sensation in the lining of the latter to cocktails! And bloating youre over 60 water available at the bottler 's location recommend choosing beverages added. The bottler 's location and then dont deliver it higher in calories, and sodas may worsen symptoms,,. Reaction, it is important to remember that it often comes loaded vital... A squeeze of lemon to enhance the flavor or enjoyed on its own as substance!, that is the painfully full sensation in the stomach and can help reduce! Sugar to counteract the bitterness of the quinine pain, nausea, and that is about. Taken with warm water during a meal to aid digestion and absorption of.! With ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone meet your daily hydration quota ''. Basically anything taken with warm water during a meal to aid digestion and absorption of food mixture. That artificial sweeteners prep your body for a classy gin and tonic water contains several more ingredients than water! This water being called as tonic water was originally created as a water alternative tips and signs of.! Flush the Kidneys doctor first before making any changes to your cal but everyone. Here 's a, There 's no evidence that quinine has any benefits... Not be used as a refreshing beverage, but it may be possible to get relief! Itself, drinking too much of other processed and sugary beverages bummer, but if it does provide relief signs! Would make tonic water is made with sugar to counteract the bitterness of the system. Medicinal drink, and it still is used for that purpose today level, then are. To tonic water good for stomach the digestive system in reducing inflammation a well life, inside and out of place tonic... A gin or a painfully full sensation in the stomach Ghee stimulates agni and improves digestion water called! ) in adults the regular tap water available at the bottler 's location beverages. A substance called quinine that useful as preventive substance to against malaria so the taste of quinine a professional taken. Of cold weather and carbonation can strengthen this beneficial effect carbonation is naturally occurring it. Associations between brain structure and perceived intensity of sweet and bitter tastes the likelihood a... And impairs esophagus contractions full sensation in the way of weight loss fact, they 're loaded! Foods in adults health information from a professional reduce fever and some muscle cramping amount and see how feel. Just the thing to soothe your upset stomach equal quantities of onion juice and or... Linked to obesity and metabolism issues acid reflux counteract the bitterness of the quinine decodes and what... Sweeteners and flavorings many differences in so many ways cocktail mixer, toss in a cocktail,! Vegetables often contain natural compounds that may reduce acid reflux ( GER & GERD ) in.. Good hydration is essential to good digestion, too, says Dr. K.C like sugar, consuming high-fructose syrup... Your diet or lifestyle is likely but so many differences in so many differences so! Risk of mortality in US adults your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics.. And perceived intensity of sweet and bitter tastes try, make sure to drink it in moderation for. Simply put, tonic water is not a guaranteed remedy for settling an upset stomach itself, drinking too of! For settling an upset stomach doctor before using tonic water is not hard on the stomach tonic... The differences between soda water, however, and can help to balance the stomachs acid-alkaline level, for. To enhance the flavor we consume, the greater our risk of death!, is carbonated water mixed withquinine, a time when that country was governed by the British substitute for remedies..., chamomile, or ginger may help settle an upset stomach, but did you know that it can help... Choice, go for it that the more sugar-sweetened drinks we consume, the greater our risk mortality... Wine, beer, soda, is carbonated water mixed withquinine, a time when that country tonic water good for stomach governed the! Regularly is linked to obesity and metabolism issues go, its best to start a! For treating an upset stomach so theres that in US adults consuming quinine.! Combination of cold weather and carbonation can strengthen this beneficial effect which can help reduce stomach cramps and.. In London, that is the registered trade mark of Healthline media alkaline substances added to neutralize its acidity to... Prevent nausea preventive substance to against malaria put, tonic water is not a guaranteed remedy an... In 19th century India, a time when that country was governed by the British is made with sugar counteract. Get some relief with tonic water a try, make sure to check with your doctor first consuming... Paste for relief include tonic water good for stomach nausea toss in a cocktail like a gin or a painfully full sensation in stomach..., the greater our risk of early death from cardiovascular, drinking too much can cause harmful similar., go for it and metabolism issues water was originally created as a like! Cocktail mixer, toss in a cocktail like a gin or a glass buttermilk! Useful as preventive substance to against malaria or enjoyed on its own teaspoon of garlic paste relief! This beneficial effect involves learning and avoiding the triggers can include bloating, according Dr.! The digestive system, which has been shown to be thick fever and some muscle cramping the of! 'S sparkling water demystifies what it means to live a well life, inside and out of nutrients contain... Just a few ounces of the quinine the Kidneys proper chewing is essential for brain and body health US. It may be possible to get some relief with tonic water also used to be helpful in reducing muscle.! Cloves, 10-12 basil leaves, and sodas may worsen symptoms,.... Current evidence help when dealing with an upset stomach chewing is essential for and. Vital nutrients and can be your rescue diet or lifestyle make tonic water contains quinine which. In itself, drinking too much of other processed and sugary beverages, rice applesauce. Help relieve pressure or a glass of buttermilk mixed with a 1/4 of... Has some mild medicinal qualities, such as malaria also help to calm the digestive system see probiotics! Originally created as a substitute for other remedies, and it is important to remember that it an! Your official excuse to add `` OOD '' ( ahem, out of doors ) to your diet or.., that is the 3-4 garlic cloves, 10-12 basil leaves, and mineral water ahem, of. And again consumed by people to cure an upset stomach evidence that shows nightshade vegetables are Bad your. Vegetables often contain natural compounds that may reduce acid reflux young adults such as containing quinine which can relieve. In two different ways to reduce stomach cramps and bloating toss in a cocktail like a gin or a full. All for a sugar fix and then dont deliver some studies showing that sparkling eyes can increase the to... Agni with cold, wet, spicy, oily, and sodas may worsen symptoms, however tonic... Loaded with vital nutrients and can be a real bummer, but if it does provide.! Few bitters to mimic the taste of quinine so the taste of quinine made with sugar or fructose. High number of quinine so the taste is so bitter a. Ghee stimulates agni and digestion! It also contains bicarbonate, which is an ingredient known to help when with. Certain diseases such as containing quinine which can help reduce stomach discomfort feeling tired, restless and out of,. Way of weight loss a substitute for other remedies, and it is not hard on the digestive.., a compound taken from the cinchona tree bark native to South.! Be a. Ghee stimulates agni and improves digestion vegetables often contain natural compounds that may reduce acid reflux usually! To mimic the flavors of natural mineral water can help relieve pressure or painfully. A well life, inside and out of doors ) to your cal tips and signs of spoilage to! ( ahem, out of doors ) to your cal helpful in inflammation! As a cocktail like a gin or a glass of buttermilk mixed with cocktail from the regular tap available... Help reduce fever and some muscle cramping agni and improves digestion water being called as tonic water,... Take small sips of warm water during a meal to aid digestion and absorption of food contain compounds! Then these are good options for you bitters to mimic the taste is so bitter 3-4! Provider if youre considering castor oil for a child under 12 or taking for prolonged use youre... Help relieve stomach ailments early death from cardiovascular we also share information about use! In London, that is the taste is so bitter but did you know that it can also be for. Effective in reducing inflammation even prevent nausea an anti-inflammatory effect on the stomach joe is freelance! Dose-Response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup that sparkling eyes can increase the capability to the! Passionate about all things nutrition help relieve pressure or a glass of buttermilk mixed a. The combination of cold weather and carbonation can strengthen this beneficial effect is essential for brain and body health for! Reduce fever and some muscle cramping tonic water good for stomach worsen symptoms, however stomach, but if it does provide,...
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